Download Electrochemical Power Sources Fundamentals Systems And Applications Book PDF

Download full Electrochemical Power Sources Fundamentals Systems And Applications books PDF, EPUB, Tuebl, Textbook, Mobi or read online Electrochemical Power Sources Fundamentals Systems And Applications anytime and anywhere on any device. Get free access to the library by create an account, fast download and ads free. We cannot guarantee that every book is in the library.

• Author : Jürgen Garche,Klaus Brandt
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2018-09-28
• Total pages :670
• ISBN : 9780444640086

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : Safety of Lithium Batteries describes how best to assure safety during all phases of the life of Lithium ion batteries (production, transport, use, and disposal). About 5 billion Li-ion cells are produced each year, predominantly for use in consumer electronics. This book describes how the high-energy density and outstanding performance of Li-ion batteries will result in a large increase in the production of Li-ion cells for electric drive train vehicle (xEV) and battery energy storage (BES or EES) purposes. The high-energy density of Li battery systems comes with special hazards related to the materials employed in these systems. The manufacturers of cells and batteries have strongly reduced the hazard probability by a number of measures. However, absolute safety of the Li system is not given as multiple incidents in consumer electronics have shown. Presents the relationship between chemical and structure material properties and cell safety Relates cell and battery design to safety as well as system operation parameters to safety Outlines the influences of abuses on safety and the relationship to battery testing Explores the limitations for transport and storage of cells and batteries Includes recycling, disposal and second use of lithium ion batteries

• Author : Hajime Arai,Jurgen Garche,Luis C. Colmenares
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2020-10-10
• Total pages :270
• ISBN : 9780444643346

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : Metal-air is a promising battery system that uses inexpensive metals for its negative electrode while unlimited, free and non-toxic oxygen is used for its positive electrode, however, only primary systems have been commercialized so far. Electrochemical Power Sources: Fundamentals, Systems, and Applications – Metal–Air Batteries: Present and Perspectives offers a comprehensive understanding of metal-air batteries as well as the solutions to the issues for overcoming the related difficulties of the secondary (rechargeable) system. Although metal-air batteries are widely studied as low-cost high-energy systems, their commercialization is limited to primary ones due to currently limited cycle life and insufficient reliability. For realization of the secondary systems, this book offers comprehensive understanding of metal-air batteries, including the details of both electrodes, electrolyte, cell/system, modelling and applications. Electrochemical Power Sources: Fundamentals, Systems, and Applications – Metal–Air Batteries: Present and Perspectives provides researchers, instructors, and students in electrochemistry, material science and environmental science; industry workers in cell manufacturing; and government officials in energy, environmental, power supply, and transportation with a valuable resource covering the most important topics of metal-air batteries and their uses. Outlines the general characteristics of metal-air compared with conventional batteries Offers a comprehensive understanding of various metal-air, featuring zinc, and lithium Contains comparisons and issues among various metal-air batteries and research efforts to solve them Includes applications and market prospects

• Author : Eduardo Cattaneo,Bernhard Riegel
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2017-08-31
• Total pages :462
• ISBN : 9780444632500

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : Advanced Industrial Lead-Acid Batteries, written for technologists and engineers, presents a detailed account of the different types of reserve and motive power industrial lead-acid batteries, also including recent developments and new applications. Lead-acid batteries (LAB) for reserve and motive power applications have, in recent years, undergone an evolutionary process triggered by novel developments in telecommunication, information technology, material handling, and renewable energy applications. This book details those advances, giving users the latest information on this rapidly advancing field. Presents a complete description and deployment of industrial batteries Gives a detailed account of all the components of industrial batteries and their functions Covers the most common service-life limiting factors of industrial batteries Includes a comprehensive list of battery testing methods, i.e., capacity and self-discharge tests Lists the usual parameters in battery management systems necessary for correct field function Provides details on all manufacturing techniques of LAB

• Author : Tom Smolinka,Jurgen Garche
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2021-03-01
• Total pages :312
• ISBN : 9780128194256

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : Electrochemical Power Sources, Fundamentals, Systems, and Applications: Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis offers a comprehensive overview about different hydrogen production technologies, including their technical features, development stage, recent advances, and technical and economic issues of system integration. Allied processes such as regenerative fuel cells and sea water electrolysis are also covered. For many years hydrogen production by water electrolysis was of minor importance, but research and development in the field has increased significantly in recent years, and a comprehensive overview is missing. This book bridges this gap and provides a general reference to the topic. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis is the main technology to integrate high shares of electricity from renewable energy sources and balance out the supply and demand match in the energy system. Different electrochemical approaches exist to produce hydrogen from RES (Renewable Energy Sources). Covers the fundamentals of hydrogen production by water electrolysis Reviews all relevant technologies comprehensively Outlines important technical and economic issues of system integration Includes commercial examples and demonstrates electrolyzer projects

• Author : Vladimir S. Bagotsky,Alexander M. Skundin,Yurij M. Volfkovich
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2015-01-07
• Total pages :400
• ISBN : 9781118460238

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : Electrochemical Power Sources (EPS) provides in a concise way the operational features, major types, and applications of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors • Details the design, operational features, and applications of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors • Covers improvements of existing EPSs and the development of new kinds of EPS as the results of intense R&D work • Provides outlook for future trends in fuel cells and batteries • Covers the most typical battery types, fuel cells and supercapacitors; such as zinc-carbon batteries, alkaline manganese dioxide batteries, mercury-zinc cells, lead-acid batteries, cadmium storage batteries, silver-zinc batteries and modern lithium batteries

• Author : M. Barak
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :1980
• Total pages :498
• ISBN : 0906048265

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : This book discusses in detail the manufacturing processes, the performances under different condition of operation and the services for which batteries are mainly used.

• Author : Keith Oldham,Jan Myland,Alan Bond
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2011-11-21
• Total pages :424
• ISBN : 9781119966845

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : Electrochemistry is a discipline of wide scientific and technological interest. Scientifically, it explores the electrical properties of materials and especially the interfaces between different kinds of matter. Technologically, electrochemistry touches our lives in many ways that few fully appreciate; for example, materials as diverse as aluminum, nylon, and bleach are manufactured electrochemically, while the batteries that power all manner of appliances, vehicles, and devices are the products of electrochemical research. Other realms in which electrochemical science plays a crucial role include corrosion, the disinfection of water, neurophysiology, sensors, energy storage, semiconductors, the physics of thunderstorms, biomedical analysis, and so on. This book treats electrochemistry as a science in its own right, albeit resting firmly on foundations provided by chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Early chapters discuss the electrical and chemical properties of materials from which electrochemical cells are constructed. The behavior of such cells is addressed in later chapters, with emphasis on the electrodes and the reactions that occur on their surfaces. The role of transport to and from electrodes is a topic that commands attention, because it crucially determines cell efficiency. Final chapters deal with voltammetry, the methodology used to investigate electrode behavior. Interspersed among the more fundamental chapters are chapters devoted to applications of electrochemistry: electrosynthesis, power sources, “green electrochemistry”, and corrosion. Electrochemical Science and Technology is addressed to all who have a need to come to grips with the fundamentals of electrochemistry and to learn about some of its applications. It will constitute a text for a senior undergraduate or graduate course in electrochemistry. It also serves as a source of material of interest to scientists and technologists in various fields throughout academia, industry, and government – chemists, physicists, engineers, environmentalists, materials scientists, biologists, and those in related endeavors. This book: Provides a background to electrochemistry, as well as treating the topic itself. Is accessible to all with a foundation in physical science, not solely to chemists. Is addressed both to students and those later in their careers. Features web links (through www.wiley.com/go/EST) to extensive material that is of a more tangential, specialized, or mathematical nature. Includes questions as footnotes to support the reader’s evolving comprehension of the material, with fully worked answers provided on the web. Provides web access to Excel® spreadsheets which allow the reader to model electrochemical events. Has a copious Appendix of relevant data.

• Author : Aiping Yu,Victor Chabot,Jiujun Zhang
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2017-12-19
• Total pages :373
• ISBN : 9781439869901

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : Although recognized as an important component of all energy storage and conversion technologies, electrochemical supercapacitators (ES) still face development challenges in order to reach their full potential. A thorough examination of development in the technology during the past decade, Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery: Fundamentals and Applications provides a comprehensive introduction to the ES from technical and practical aspects and crystallization of the technology, detailing the basics of ES as well as its components and characterization techniques. The book illuminates the practical aspects of understanding and applying the technology within the industry and provides sufficient technical detail of newer materials being developed by experts in the field which may surface in the future. The book discusses the technical challenges and the practical limitations and their associated parameters in ES technology. It also covers the structure and options for device packaging and materials choices such as electrode materials, electrolyte, current collector, and sealants based on comparison of available data. Supplying an in depth understanding of the components, design, and characterization of electrochemical supercapacitors, the book has wide-ranging appeal to industry experts and those new to the field. It can be used as a reference to apply to current work and a resource to foster ideas for new devices that will further the technology as it becomes a larger part of main stream energy storage.

• Author : Xin-bo Zhang
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2018-12-17
• Total pages :432
• ISBN : 9783527342792

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : A comprehensive overview of the research developments in the burgeoning field of metal-air batteries An innovation in battery science and technology is necessary to build better power sources for our modern lifestyle needs. One of the main fields being explored for the possible breakthrough is the development of metal-air batteries. Metal-Air Batteries: Fundamentals and Applications offers a systematic summary of the fundamentals of the technology and explores the most recent advances in the applications of metal-air batteries. Comprehensive in scope, the text explains the basics in electrochemical batteries and introduces various species of metal-air batteries. The author-a noted expert in the field-explores the development of metal-air batteries in the order of Li-air battery, sodium-air battery, zinc-air battery and Mg-O2 battery, with the focus on the Li-air battery. The text also addresses topics such as metallic anode, discharge products, parasitic reactions, electrocatalysts, mediator, and X-ray diffraction study in Li-air battery. Metal-Air Batteries provides a summary of future perspectives in the field of the metal-air batteries. This important resource: -Covers various species of metal-air batteries and their components as well as system designation -Contains groundbreaking content that reviews recent advances in the field of metal-air batteries -Focuses on the battery systems which have the greatest potential for renewable energy storage Written for electrochemists, physical chemists, materials scientists, professionals in the electrotechnical industry, engineers in power technology, Metal-Air Batteries offers a review of the fundamentals and the most recent developments in the area of metal-air batteries.

• Author : Lei Zhang,Hongbin Zhao,David P. Wilkinson,Xueliang Sun,Jiujun Zhang
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2020-04-08
• Total pages :240
• ISBN : 9780429826047

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : This book comprehensively describes the fundamentals of electrochemical water electrolysis as well as the latest materials and technological developments. It addresses a variety of topics such as electrochemical processes, materials, components, assembly and manufacturing, and degradation mechanisms, as well as challenges and strategies. It also includes an understanding of how materials and technologies for electrochemical water electrolysis have developed in recent years, and it describes the progress in improving performance and providing benefits to energy systems and applications. Features the most recent advances in electrochemical water electrolysis to produce hydrogen Discusses cutting-edge materials and technologies for electrochemical water electrolysis Includes both experimental and theoretical approaches that can be used to guide and promote materials as well as technological development for electrochemical water electrolysis Comprises work from international leading scientists active in electrochemical energy and environmental research and development Provides invaluable information that will benefit readers from both academia and industry With contributions from researchers at the top of their fields, the book includes in-depth discussions covering the engineering of components and applied devices, making this an essential read for scientists and engineers working in the development of electrochemical energy devices and related disciplines.

• Author : C Menictas,M Skyllas-Kazacos,T M Lim
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2014-12-09
• Total pages :634
• ISBN : 9781782420224

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : As energy produced from renewable sources is increasingly integrated into the electricity grid, interest in energy storage technologies for grid stabilisation is growing. This book reviews advances in battery technologies and applications for medium and large-scale energy storage. Chapters address advances in nickel, sodium and lithium-based batteries. Other chapters review other emerging battery technologies such as metal-air batteries and flow batteries. The final section of the book discuses design considerations and applications of batteries in remote locations and for grid-scale storage. Reviews advances in battery technologies and applications for medium and large-scale energy storage Examines battery types, including zing-based, lithium-air and vanadium redox flow batteries Analyses design issues and applications of these technologies

• Author : Keith Scott,Eileen Hao Yu
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2015-11-25
• Total pages :410
• ISBN : 9781782423966

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : Microbial Electrochemical and Fuel Cells: Fundamentals and Applications contains the most updated information on bio-electrical systems and their ability to drive an electrical current by mimicking bacterial interactions found in nature to produce a small amount of power. One of the most promising features of the microbial fuel cell is its application to generate power from wastewater, and its use in the treatment of water to remove contaminants, making it a very sustainable source of power generation that can feasibly find application in rural areas where providing more conventional sources of power is often difficult. The book explores, in detail, both the technical aspects and applications of this technology, and was written by an international team of experts in the field who provide an introduction to microbial fuel cells that looks at their electrochemical principles and mechanisms, explains the materials that can be used for the various sections of the fuel cells, including cathode and anode materials, and provides key analysis of microbial fuel cell performance looking at their usage in hydrogen production, waste treatment, and sensors, amongst other applications. Includes coverage of the types and principles of electrochemical cells Provides information on the construction of fuel cells and appropriate materials Presents the latest on this renewable source of energy and the process for the treatment of waste water

• Author : Vladimir Neburchilov,Jiujun Zhang
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2016-09-19
• Total pages :194
• ISBN : 9781482258547

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : Metal–air and metal–sulfur batteries (MABs/MSBs) represent one of the most efficient-energy storage technologies, with high round trip efficiency, a long life cycle, fast response at peak demand/supply of electricity, and decreased weight due to the use of atmospheric oxygen as one of the main reactants. This book presents an overview of the main MABs/MSBs from fundamentals to applications. Recent technological trends in their development are reviewed. It also offers a detailed analysis of these batteries at the material, component, and system levels, allowing the reader to evaluate the different approaches of their integration. The book provides a systematic overview of the components, design, and integration, and discusses current technologies, achievements, and challenges, as well as future directions. Each chapter focuses on a particular battery type including zinc–air batteries, lithium–air batteries, aluminum–air batteries, magnesium–air batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, and vanadium–air redox flow batteries, and metal–sulfur batteries. Features the most recent advances made in metal–air/metal–sulfur batteries. Describes cutting-edge materials and technology for metal–air/metal–sulfur batteries. Includes both fundamentals and applications, which can be used to guide and promote materials as well as technology development for metal–air/metal–sulfur batteries. Provides a systematic overview of the components, design, and integration, and discusses current technologies, achievements, and challenges, as well as future directions. Covers a variety of battery types in depth, such as zinc–air batteries, lithium–air batteries, aluminum–air batteries, magnesium–air batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, vanadium–air redox flow batteries, and metal–sulfur batteries.

• Author : Supramaniam Srinivasan
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2006-05-05
• Total pages :662
• ISBN : 9780387251165

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : This concise sourcebook of the electrochemical, engineering and economic principles involved in the development and commercialization of fuel cells offers a thorough review of applications and techno-economic assessment of fuel cell technologies, plus in-depth discussion of conventional and novel approaches for generating energy. Parts I and II explain basic and applied electrochemistry relevant to an understanding of fuel cells. Part III covers engineering and technology aspects. The book is useful for undergraduate and graduate students and scientists interested in fuel cells. Unlike any other current book on fuel cells, each chapter includes problems based on the discussions in the text.

• Author : S. R. S. Prabaharan,M. Siluvai Michael
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2014-10-24
• Total pages :380
• ISBN : 9789814241434

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : The challenge of providing adequate power on an indefinite basis without causing long-term damage to the environment requires a versatile means of energy conversion and storage. As such, electrical energy storage is becoming more vital today than at any time in human history. Electrochemical systems, such as batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and photoelectrochemical cells, can help meet this objective. Future generations of rechargeable lithium batteries will be required to power portable electronic devices, store electricity from renewable sources, and serve as a vital component to pursuing electric mobility in the future to reduce fossil fuel demand and mitigate environmental issues. In this context, engineering of new materials, especially at the nanoscale, has become imperative to achieve enhanced energy and power density to meet the future challenges of energy storage. This book outlines the state of the art of nanoscale aspects of advanced energy storage devices, such as lithium-ion batteries, including microbatteries and electrochemical supercapacitors. It focuses on various fundamental issues related to device performance of various positive and negative electrode materials, with special reference to their nanoscale advantages. It also includes fundamentals and processing techniques with regard to synthesis, characterization, physical, and electrochemical properties, and applications of nanoscale materials pertaining to advanced electrochemical power sources. A variety of advanced nanomaterials, such as transition metal oxides, phosphates, silicates, and conversion electrodes, together with some special nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, nanorods, and mesoporous carbons are discussed by many notable authorities in the field.

• Author : Kwong-Yu Chan,Chi-Ying Vanessa Li
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2014-06-13
• Total pages :519
• ISBN : 9781466575431

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : Electrochemically Enabled Sustainability: Devices, Materials and Mechanisms for Energy Conversion covers topics related to current research in electrochemical power sources, highlighting some of the latest concepts in electrochemical conversion for sustainability. The book examines the most recent and innovative technologies employed in battery and fuel cell technology. It introduces the fundamental concepts applied to these electrochemical power sources and provides in-depth discussion on the materials, design, and performance of these devices. Written by internationally acclaimed experts, the chapters illustrate how key technologies for sustainability are enabled by electrochemical conversion. Topics include the reduction of carbon dioxide to resolve issues of carbon capture, energy storage, and generation of portable fuel; turning waste into energy using microbial fuel cells; the promise of vanadium redox flow batteries for massive energy storage; and improved performance of hybrid devices. The book addresses numerous aspects of lithium-type batteries for vehicle propulsion and energy storage, presenting a broad range of lithium batteries, and considering nano-structuring issues, layered-structure materials, and hierarchical structure. This book provides timely coverage of critical issues in emerging and conventional technologies, presenting a wide range of electrochemical devices, related materials, and operation mechanisms. It stimulates an appreciation for the novelty of these electrochemical power sources and offers a projection of future integration of these devices in practice.

• Author : Robert Huggins
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2010-08-12
• Total pages :406
• ISBN : 9781441910240

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : Introduction Energy is necessary for a number of reasons, the most basic and obvious involve the preparation of food and the provision of heat to make life comfortable, or at least, bearable. Subsequently, a wide range of technological uses of energy have emerged and been developed, so that the availability of energy has become a central issue in society. The easiest way to acquire useful energy is to simply ?nd it as wood or a hydrocarbon fossil fuel in nature. But it has often been found to be advantageous to convert what is simply available in nature into more useful forms, and the processing and conversion of raw materials, especially petrochemicals have become a very large industry. Wood Wood has been used to provide heat for a great many years. In some cases, it can be acquired as needed by foraging, or cutting, followed by simple collection. When it is abundant there is relatively little need for it to be stored. However, many societies have found it desirable to collect more wood than is immediately needed during warm periods during the year, and to store it up for use in the winter, when the needs are greater, or its collection is not so convenient. One can still see this in some locations, such as the more remote communities in the Alps, for example. One might think of this as the oldest and simplest example of energy storage.

• Author : Alexander Skundin,Tatiana Kulova,Alexander Rudy,Alexander Miromemko
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2021-09-09
• Total pages :214
• ISBN : 9780429659638

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : A comprehensive, accessible introduction to modern all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. All-solid-state thin-film lithium-ion batteries present a special and especially important version of lithium-ion ones. They are intended for battery-powered integrated circuit cards (smart-cards), radio-frequency identifier (RFID) tags, smart watches, implantable medical devices, remote microsensors and transmitters, Internet of Things systems, and various other wireless devices including smart building control and so on. Comprising four chapters the monograph explores and provides: The fundamentals of rechargeable batteries, comparison of lithium-ion batteries with other kinds, features of thin-film batteries. A description of functional materials for all-solid-state thin-film batteries. Various methods for applying functional layers of an all-solid-state thin-film lithium-ion battery. Diagnostics of functional layers of all-solid-state thin-film lithium-ion batteries. The monograph is intended for teachers, researchers, advanced undergraduate students, and post-graduate students of profile faculties of universities, as well as for developers and manufacturers of thin-film lithium-ion batteries.

• Author : B. E. Conway
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2013-04-17
• Total pages :698
• ISBN : 9781475730586

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : The first model for the distribution of ions near the surface of a metal electrode was devised by Helmholtz in 1874. He envisaged two parallel sheets of charges of opposite sign located one on the metal surface and the other on the solution side, a few nanometers away, exactly as in the case of a parallel plate capacitor. The rigidity of such a model was allowed for by Gouy and Chapman inde pendently, by considering that ions in solution are subject to thermal motion so that their distribution from the metal surface turns out diffuse. Stern recognized that ions in solution do not behave as point charges as in the Gouy-Chapman treatment, and let the center of the ion charges reside at some distance from the metal surface while the distribution was still governed by the Gouy-Chapman view. Finally, in 1947, D. C. Grahame transferred the knowledge of the struc ture of electrolyte solutions into the model of a metal/solution interface, by en visaging different planes of closest approach to the electrode surface depending on whether an ion is solvated or interacts directly with the solid wall. Thus, the Gouy-Chapman-Stern-Grahame model of the so-called electrical double layer was born, a model that is still qualitatively accepted, although theoreti cians have introduced a number of new parameters of which people were not aware 50 years ago.

• Author : Huamin Zhang,Xianfeng Li,Jiujun Zhang
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2017-11-22
• Total pages :432
• ISBN : 9781498753968

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : Flow batteries have received attention in large-scale energy storage due to their flexible design, high safety, high energy efficiency, and environmental friendliness. In recent years, they have been rapidly developed and tested in a variety of scales that prove their feasibility and advantages of use. As energy becomes a global focus, it is important to consider flow battery systems. This book offers a detailed introduction to the function of different kinds of redox flow batteries, including vanadium flow batteries, as well as the electrochemical processes for their development, materials and components, applications, and near future prospects. Redox Flow Batteries: Fundamentals and Applications will give readers a full understanding of flow batteries from fundamentals to commercial applications.

• Author : Patrick T. Moseley,Jürgen Garche
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2014-10-27
• Total pages :492
• ISBN : 9780444626103

GET BOOK HERE

Summary : Electricity from renewable sources of energy is plagued by fluctuations (due to variations in wind strength or the intensity of insolation) resulting in a lack of stability if the energy supplied from such sources is used in ‘real time’. An important solution to this problem is to store the energy electrochemically (in a secondary battery or in hydrogen and its derivatives) and to make use of it in a controlled fashion at some time after it has been initially gathered and stored. Electrochemical battery storage systems are the major technologies for decentralized storage systems and hydrogen is the only solution for long-term storage systems to provide energy during extended periods of low wind speeds or solar insolation. Future electricity grid design has to include storage systems as a major component for grid stability and for security of supply. The technology of systems designed to achieve this regulation of the supply of renewable energy, and a survey of the markets that they will serve, is the subject of this book. It includes economic aspects to guide the development of technology in the right direction. Provides state-of-the-art information on all of the storage systems together with an assessment of competing technologies Features detailed technical, economic and environmental impact information of different storage systems Contains information about the challenges that must be faced for batteries and hydrogen-storage to be used in conjunction with a fluctuating (renewable energy) power supply