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• Author : Frederic Lantelme,Henri Groult
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2013-08-14
• Total pages :592
• ISBN : 9780124017221

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Summary : Molten salts and fused media provide the key properties and the theory of molten salts, as well as aspects of fused salts chemistry, helping you generate new ideas and applications for fused salts. Molten Salts Chemistry: From Lab to Applications examines how the electrical and thermal properties of molten salts, and generally low vapour pressure are well adapted to high temperature chemistry, enabling fast reaction rates. It also explains how their ability to dissolve many inorganic compounds such as oxides, nitrides, carbides and other salts make molten salts ideal as solvents in electrometallurgy, metal coating, treatment of by-products and energy conversion. This book also reviews newer applications of molten salts including materials for energy storage such as carbon nano-particles for efficient super capacitors, high capacity molten salt batteries and for heat transport and storage in solar plants. In addition, owing to their high thermal stability, they are considered as ideal candidates for the development of safer nuclear reactors and for the treatment of nuclear waste, especially to separate actinides from lanthanides by electrorefining. Explains the theory and properties of molten salts to help scientists understand these unique liquids Provides an ideal introduction to this expanding field Illustrated text with key real-life applications of molten salts in synthesis, energy, nuclear, and metal extraction

• Author : Gleb Mamantov,Roberto Marassi
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2012-12-06
• Total pages :525
• ISBN : 9789400938632

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Summary : Molten salts are of considerable significance to chemical technology. Applications range from the established ones, such as the production of aluminum, magnesium, sodium and fluorine, to those as yet to be fully exploited, such as molten salt batteries and fuel cells, catalysis, and solar energy. Molten salts are investigated for different purposes by many diverse techniques. There is a need to keep investigators working in different areas, such as metal production, power sources, and glass industry, aware of progress in various specialties, as well as to familiarize new research workers with the fundamental aspects of the broad field of molten salt _ chemistry. This volume constitutes the plenary lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Molten Salt Chemistry, Camerino, Italy, August 3-15, 1986. The fundamentals and several selected applications of molten salt chemistry were addressed. The major fundamental topics covered at this ASI were the structure of melts, thermodynamics of molten salt mixtures, theoretical and experimental studies of transport processes, metal-metal salt solutions, solvent properties of melt systems, acid-base effects in molten salt chemistry, electronic absorption, vibrational, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of melt systems, electrochemistry and electroanalytical chemistry in molten salts, and organic chemistry in molten salts. The applied aspects of molten salt chemistry included the chemistry of aluminum production, electrodeposition using molten salts, and molten salt batteries and fuel cells.

• Author : Marcelle Gaune-Escard,Geir Martin Haarberg
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2014-05-12
• Total pages :632
• ISBN : 9781118448823

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Summary : Written to record and report on recent research progresses in the field of molten salts, Molten Salts Chemistry and Technology focuses on molten salts and ionic liquids for sustainable supply and application of materials. Including coverage of molten salt reactors, electrodeposition, aluminium electrolysis, electrochemistry, and electrowinning, the text provides researchers and postgraduate students with applications include energy conversion (solar cells and fuel cells), heat storage, green solvents, metallurgy, nuclear industry, pharmaceutics and biotechnology.

• Author : J. Braunstein,Gleb Mamantov,G. P. Smith
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2013-11-21
• Total pages :469
• ISBN : 9781461582700

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Summary : The first chapter of this volume deals with computer simulation of molten salt behavior by molecular dynamics calculations. The next four chapters are reviews of experimental work: Chapter 2 deals with the solubility of nonre active gases in molten salts, Chapter 3 with various types of organic reactions in molten tetrachloroaluminates, Chapter 4 with techniques for the study of molten fluorides, and Chapter 5 with the physical and chemical properties of thiocyanate melts. The last chapter is a collection of phase diagrams for binary and ternary fluoride systems. J. B., G. M., G. P. S. v CONTENTS Chapter 1 MOLECULAR DYNAMICS CALCULATIONS ON MOLTEN IONIC SALTS L. V. Woodcock 1. Introduction. . 4 2. Intermolecular Forces in Molten Salts 4 2.1. True and Effective Pair Potentials 2.2. Semiempirical Models 6 3. Computational Techniques 13 3.1. Molecular Dynamics Simulation 13 3.2. The Monte Carlo Method 15 3.3. Electrostatic Summations . . 18 4. Calculation of Physical Properties 23 4.1. Equilibrium Properties . 23 4.2. Transport Coefficients 27 4.3. Spectroscopic Properties 32 5. Applications. . . . . . . . 35 5.1. Studies of Interionic Forces. 35 5.2. Microstructure and Mechanisms 40 5.3. Interpretation of Experimental Observables 50 5.4. Reappraisal of Molten Salt Theories . 64 70 6. Conclusions 7. References. 72 vii Contents viii Chapter 2 GAS SOLUBILITY IN MOLTEN SALTS P. Field 1. Introduction 75 2. Experimental Techniques 78 3. Solution Thermodynamics.

• Author : George J. Janz
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2013-06-11
• Total pages :602
• ISBN : 9780323144834

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Summary : Molten Salts Handbook focuses on the features, properties, and structure of molten salts. This book presents several topics in annotated bibliographic table form, including phase equilibria, chemical syntheses, and molten salt electrolytes. Organized into six chapters, this book starts with a tabular presentation of data of the physical properties, thermodynamic properties, electrochemical properties, practical features, as well as spectroscopy and structure of molten salts. This text then illustrates the design features of different experimental assemblies and provides information on the technique through a liberally annotated bibliography. Other chapters provide a chemical index, which offers a ready guide to the status of data over the entire range of interests. This book presents as well the properties of viscosity, density, surface tension, refractive index, and electrical conductance for different compounds as single salt melts. This book is a valuable resource for scientists and researchers from diverse fields, including theoretical and applied electrochemistry, inorganic coordination chemistry, and transition metal chemistry.

• Author : Marcelle Gaune-Escard
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2012-12-06
• Total pages :404
• ISBN : 9789401004589

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Summary : Several state-of-the-art applications of molten salts are presented, such as metal-molten salt systems, room temperature glass formation, and room temperature melts. Several recent examples of applications highlight the importance of molten salts in various industries (batteries, pyrochemical reprocessing of nuclear fuel, synthesis and catalysis). The basic concepts of the structure, dynamics, electrochemistry, interfacial and thermodynamic properties are detailed and relevant experimental methods described. Such fundamental concepts are essential for an in-depth understanding of the physicochemical properties of molten salts in general, including metal-molten salts, glass forming and low temperature melts. Experimental methods for investigating structural, dynamical, electrochemical thermodynamical and interfacial properties are detailed, as also are techniques for data collection and analysis. Scientists, engineers and technologists will find the volume a valuable reference source covering a wide spectrum of fundamental concepts and modern technologies.

• Author : Marcelle Gaune-Escard,Kenneth R. Seddon
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2012-07-06
• Total pages :250
• ISBN : 9780470947760

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Summary : For many years, the related fields of molten salts and ionic liquids have drifted apart, to their mutual detriment. Both molten salts and ionic liquids are liquid salts containing only ions - all that is different is the temperature! Both fields involve the study of Coulombic fluids for academic and industrial purposes; both employ the same principles; both require skilled practitioners; both speak the same language; all then that is truly different is their semantics, and how superficial is that? The editors of this book, recognising that there was so much knowledge, both empirical and theoretical, which can be passed from the molten salt community to the ionic liquid community, and vice versa, organised a landmark meeting in Tunisia, designed to bridge the gap and heal the rift. Leaders from both communities met for a week for a mutual exchange, with a high tutorial content intermixed with cutting edge findings. This volume is a condensate of the principal offerings of that week, and emphasises the success which was achieved. Indeed, four future biannual meetings, under the title of “EUCHEM Conferences on Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids”, have now been planned as a direct result of this meeting of minds. Topics discussed in this volume include structure, dynamics, electrochemistry, interfacial and thermodynamic properties, spectroscopy, synthesis, and theoretical studies. Experimental and theoretical methods for investigating these data are elaborated, as are techniques for data collection and analysis. This book represents the first serious discussion on the transfer of these methods and techniques between the differing temperature regimes, and is a major contribution to the future of both fields.

• Author : Vladimir Danek †
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2006-09-14
• Total pages :464
• ISBN : 0080464963

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Summary : Physico-Chemical Analysis of Molten Electrolytes includes selected topics on the measurement and evaluation of physico-chemical properties of molten electrolytes. It describes the features, properties, and experimental measurement of different physico-chemical properties of molten salt systems used as electrolytes for different metal production, metallic layer deposition, as a medium for reactions in molten salts. The physico-chemical properties such as phase equilibria, density (molar volume), enthalpy (calorimetry), surface tension, vapor pressure, electrical conductivity, viscosity, etc. are the most important parameters of electrolytes needed for technological use. For each property the theoretical background, experimental techniques, as well as examples of the latest knowledge and the processing of most important salt systems will be given. The aim of Physico-Chemical Analysis of Molten Electrolytes is not only to present the state of the art on different properties of molten salts systems and their measurement, but also to present the possibilities of modeling molten salt systems, to be able to forecast the properties of an electrolyte mixture from the properties of the pure components in order to avoid experimentally demanding, and in most cases also expensive measurements. This book fills a substantial gap in this field of science. Also documententing the latest research in molten salts chemistry and brings new results and new insights into the study of molten salts systems using the results of X-ray diffraction and XAFS methods, Raman spectroscopy, and NMR measurements. * This book fills a substantial gap in this field of science * Serves as a invaluable reference for all people working in the field of molten salts chemistry * Describes fundamentals of the various properties of molten electrolytes

• Author : David G. Lovering
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2014-11-14
• Total pages :533
• ISBN : 9781475717242

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Summary :

• Author : Véronique Ghetta,Dominique Gorse,Dominique Mazière,Vassilis Pontikis
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2008-04-23
• Total pages :586
• ISBN : 9781402084225

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Summary : Global warming, shortage of low-cost oil resources and the increasing demand for energy are currently controlling the world's economic expansion while often opposing desires for sustainable and peaceful development. In this context, atomic energy satisfactorily fulfills the criteria of low carbon gas production and high overall yield. However, in the absence of industrial fast-breeders the use of nuclear fuel is not optimal, and the production of high activity waste materials is at a maximum. These are the principal reasons for the development of a new, fourth generation of nuclear reactors, minimizing the undesirable side-effects of current nuclear energy production technology while increasing yields by increasing operation temperatures and opening the way for the industrial production of hydrogen through the decomposition of water. The construction and use of such reactors is hindered by several factors, including performance limitations of known structural materials, particularly if the life of the projected systems had to extend over the periods necessary to achieve low costs (at least 60 years). This book collects lectures and seminars presented at the homonymous NATO ASI held in autumn 2007 at the Institut d’Etudes Scientifiques in Cargèse, France. The adopted approach aims at improving and coordinating basic knowledge in materials science and engineering with specific areas of condensed matter physics, the physics of particle/matter interaction and of radiation damage. It is our belief that this methodology is crucially conditioning the development and the industrial production of new structural materials capable of coping with the requirements of these future reactors.

• Author : Ramana Reddy,Pinakin Chaubal,P. Chris Pistorius,Uday Pal
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2017-01-10
• Total pages :1373
• ISBN : 9783319487694

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Summary : This collection focuses on ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy where ionic melts, slags, fluxes, or salts play important roles in industrial growth and economy worldwide. Technical topics included are: thermodynamic properties and phase diagrams and kinetics of slags, fluxes, and salts; physical properties of slags, fluxes, and salts; structural studies of slags; interfacial and process phenomena involving foaming, bubble formation, and drainage; slag recycling, refractory erosion/corrosion, and freeze linings; and recycling and utilization of metallurgical slags and models and their applications in process improvement and optimization. These topics are of interest to not only traditional ferrous and non-ferrous metal industrial processes but also new and upcoming technologies.

• Author : Robert J. Gale,D.G. Lovering
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2013-11-27
• Total pages :257
• ISBN : 9781461575023

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Summary : This second volume carries on the excellent work of its predecessor, ex tending its scope to other melts and to other techniques. It continues to present first-hand understanding and experience of this difficult and demanding field. There is ever present the trade-off or reconciliation between the novel chemistry of systems not dominated by the mediating influence of a supposedly indifferent solvent and the high temperatures required to effect the fluidity of the system. At the limit, the very high temperatures so increase the rates of all reactions as to dissolve the temporal difference between the thermodynamic and the kinetic view of chemistry. What can happen will happen and invariably does happen. Vessels corrode, the apparatus becomes a reactant, and the number of tolerant materials able to withstand the attack shrinks to graphite, boron carbide or, if all else fails, to frozen parts of the molten salt itself. It is probably true that there is no limit to man's ingenuity but I believe that God gave us molten salts just to test that thesis. If there is ever a Molten Salt Club, and Englishmen love clubs, its membership will be exclusive. It would certainly include the authors of this series. Graham Hills University of Strathclyde ix Preface In the first volume of this series, we expressed our contention that a real need existed for practical guidance in the field of molten salt experimentation.

• Author : Thomas James Dolan
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2017-06-08
• Total pages :840
• ISBN : 9780081012437

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Summary : Molten Salt Reactors is a comprehensive reference on the status of molten salt reactor (MSR) research and thorium fuel utilization. There is growing awareness that nuclear energy is needed to complement intermittent energy sources and to avoid pollution from fossil fuels. Light water reactors are complex, expensive, and vulnerable to core melt, steam explosions, and hydrogen explosions, so better technology is needed. MSRs could operate safely at nearly atmospheric pressure and high temperature, yielding efficient electrical power generation, desalination, actinide incineration, hydrogen production, and other industrial heat applications. Coverage includes: Motivation -- why are we interested? Technical issues – reactor physics, thermal hydraulics, materials, environment, ... Generic designs -- thermal, fast, solid fuel, liquid fuel, ... Specific designs – aimed at electrical power, actinide incineration, thorium utilization, ... Worldwide activities in 23 countries Conclusions This book is a collaboration of 58 authors from 23 countries, written in cooperation with the International Thorium Molten Salt Forum. It can serve as a reference for engineers and scientists, and it can be used as a textbook for graduate students and advanced undergrads. Molten Salt Reactors is the only complete review of the technology currently available, making this an essential text for anyone reviewing the use of MSRs and thorium fuel, including students, nuclear researchers, industrial engineers, and policy makers. Written in cooperation with the International Thorium Molten-Salt Forum Covers MSR-specific issues, various reactor designs, and discusses issues such as the environmental impact, non-proliferation, and licensing Includes case studies and examples from experts across the globe

• Author : Paolo Franzosini,Manlio Sanesi
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2013-10-22
• Total pages :380
• ISBN : 9781483152318

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Summary : Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Organic Salts is concerned with the thermodynamic and transport properties of organic salts, namely, pure salts, mixtures, and solutions. The transport properties of pure molten salts and binary mixtures of molten salts with organic ions are given, along with the transport properties of organic salts in aqueous solutions. This book is divided into three sections and opens with a discussion on the statistical treatment and of computer simulation methods for molten salts as well as their results for pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) data. The PVT data for organic molten salts determined experimentally are considered, and the thermal properties as well as the melting mechanism of pure salts are described. A method by which PVT data at high pressure can be estimated from those at low pressure with sufficiently high accuracy is also outlined. The next section deals with salt mixtures, their phase diagrams, and their transport properties. The final section looks at the transport properties of organic salts in aqueous solutions; thermodynamic quantities of micelle formation; and formation of lyotropic liquid crystals by organic salts. Two appendixes showing the structure of the pure solids and the use of the melts in electrochemical studies are included. This monograph will be a useful resource for organic chemists.

• Author : Harry Bloom
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :1967
• Total pages :184
• ISBN : STANFORD:36105032289899

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Summary :

• Author : Yizhak Marcus
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2016-04-22
• Total pages :244
• ISBN : 9783319303130

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Summary : This volume deals with substances in the liquid state that range from high melting salts, such as calcium fluoride, through slags, such as silicates, down to lower melting salts, such as lithium nitrate, molten hydrated salts, such as magnesium chloride hexahydrate, to room temperature ionic liquids, such as 1,3-dimethylimmidazolium tetraphenylborate. It provides the reader with annotated, critically examined, and compiled data for such materials. The data includes a variety of thermochemical, structural, and transport properties. The book includes correlations of measured properties; these correlations should enable the reader to estimate, on a sound basis, properties for ionic liquids that have not yet been measured.

• Author : Gleb Mamantov,Roberto Marassi
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :1987-06-30
• Total pages :525
• ISBN : 9027724830

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Summary : Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Camerino, Italy, August 3-15, 1986

• Author : European Research Conference on Molten Salts,Marcelle Gaune-Escard
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :1999-11-01
• Total pages :716
• ISBN : 1567001424

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Summary : These proceedings of the European Research Conference on Molten Salts, held in July 1998, cover molten salts from a fundamental as well as an applied level. The industrial applications are manifold, including electrogeneration/electrowinning of common (aluminum) or less common (lanthanide) metals, and the environment (molten salt waste processing, recycling). Energy issues such as fuel cells, thermal storage of energy, recycling of nuclear fuel, etc., are also addressed. Over 60 papers are included.

• Author : D.G. Lovering,Robert J. Gale
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :1983
• Total pages :368
• ISBN : UOM:39015021854453

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Summary : The physicist Kamerlingh Onnes, who was the first to liquify helium (1908), had written on the walls of his laboratory in Leiden: "From measur ing to knowing." As true as this is at very low temperatures, it is just as applicable at the high temperatures of molten salts. Only on the basis of exact measurements by a plethora of experimental methods can any real understanding be reached of both classes of liquids. In both temperature ranges experimental difficulties are much greater than those encountered around ambient temperature. Molten salts often present a formidable challenge to the experimen talist, for example, because of corrosion and other materials problems. Applications of molten salts were for a long time based on empirical knowledge alone. This was true for the first application of molten salts in 1807, when Davy obtained sodium and potassium by electrolysis of the molten hydroxides. For 100 years the winning of aluminum has been based on the very nearly simultaneous invention by Hall and Heroult (1886) of the electrolysis of molten cryolite. The process, though essentially unchanged, has since been perfected owing to an improvement in our understanding of what actually happens, based on difficult measurements ofthe many variables. However, even now there are gaps in our knowledge.

• Author : Ali Reza Kamali
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :2020-01-10
• Total pages :162
• ISBN : 9789811523731

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Summary : This book focuses on the possible interactions that might occur between carbon materials and molten salts, and discusses the mechanisms involved in detail, highlighting possible future developments in the field. Carbon materials can be exposed to molten salts in various technologically important applications, such as in molten salt-nuclear reactors and aluminum production electrolysis cells. As such, numerous studies have investigated the possible interactions between carbon and molten salts. In addition, various interesting carbon nanostructures have recently been produced in molten salts, including carbon nanotubes, graphene and nanodiamonds with a number of attractive applications. With abundant images and graphs supporting the discussion, this book appeals to researchers working in the field of carbon nanostructures, carbon capture and conversion, nuclear reactors, energy storage, molten salts and related areas of science and technology.

• Author : M. Chemla,D. Devilliers,Matthias Vogler
• Publisher :Unknown
• Release Date :1991-01-01
• Total pages :814
• ISBN : 9783035704488

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Summary : This "state-of-the-art" volume presents the new developments in fundamental research and in industrial applications of Molten Salts. Special attention is placed on recent developments of special topics such as Electrodeposition of Refractory Metals (Niobium, Molybdenum), and Organic Chemistry and Electrochemistry in Molten Salts.